Hordhac
Abiy Axmed, oo ah ra'iisul wasaaraha Itoobiya si dimoqraadiyana ah loo soo doortay, ayaa xilka la wareegay 2-dii April, 2018. Waxa uu ku guuleystay codbixintii dadweynaha ee baarlamaanka Itoobiya, isagoo noqday siyaasigii ugu horreeyay ee Oromo ah oo qabta jago dowladeed oo heer sare ah. Doorashadiisu waxay dhalisay qalalaase siyaasadeed oo isbahaysigii hore ee talada hayay, oo ay ku jiraan Tigrayga iyo qowmiyadaha Axmaarada, kuwaas oo aan aqbalin doorashadiisa, taas oo keentay in uu dhibaatooyin dagaal dib u soo noolaado oo dhex marto TPLF iyo dawladda Itoobiya 2020. Abiy Axmad ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Oromo, waana qowmiyadda ugu weyn Itoobiya, balse ugu badan qowmiyadaha la haybsooco, waligiisna aan soo qaban jago dowladeed oo sare sannadihii ay talada TPLF xukuntay. Abiy waxa uu rabey in uu dawladda ka dhex abuuro matalaad ku habboon oo loo siman yahay si ay dhammaan dhinacyada isugu geeyaan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ujeedadii uu ka lahaa in uu dalka ku midoobo hal xisbi waxa ay TPLF kala kulantay kacdoono ka dhan ah xisbiga Barwaaqada oo ka mid noqday xisbigii qaranka ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Tan iyo markii Abiy uu noqday ra'iisul wasaaraha Itoobiya, waxaa jiray khilaaf bulsho iyo mid siyaasadeed oo ka dhashay kala qeybsanaanta qowmiyadaha. Xiisada u dhaxeysa TPLF iyo dowladda dhexe ayaa cirka isku shareertay ilaa 2019-ka, waxaana cirka isku sii shareeray xiisadda u dhaxeysa dowladda dhexe, iyadoo la dhisayo ilaa uu qarxay dagaal sokeeye sanadka 2020, markaasoo kooxda TPLF ay weerar ka dhan ah xerada ciidamada ee Mekelle, Tigray.
Dhalashada iyo awoodda sare ee TPLF
Xisbiga Tigrayga People's Liberation Front (TPLF) ayaa laga aas aasay gobolka Tigray ee Waqooyiga Itoobiya sanadkii 1975-kii. Waxay ka mid ahaayeen dhaqdhaqaaqyadii ugu xoogga badnaa ee jabhadaha ah ee la dagaalamay Dergigii oo ahaa dawlad milateri oo Itoobiya ka talinaysay. Tigreegu waxa ay rajaynayeen in ay dalka la wareegaan iyaga oo aad uga cadhooday sida ay boqortooyooyinkii Itoobiya ula dhaqmeen ilaa 1800-meeyadii. Sannadkii 1974-kii, Dergigi waxa uu afgambiyay boqorkii Xayle Salaase, waxana uu xukunka la wareegay, oo uu hoggaaminayey Mengistu Hailemariam, oo ahaa hantiwadaaggii Marxist, kaas oo cabudhiyey mucaaradad siyaasadeed. Mengistu waxa uu caan ku ahaa dhaqan gelinta "Argagixisada Cas", kaas oo dil rasmi ah lagu fuliyay dad mucaarad ahaa bartamihii 1970-meeyadii. Xukuumadiisa waxaa lagu tilmaamaa argagaxiso, rabshado, qiimeyn, dil loo geysto dad aan waxba galabsan, iyo cadaadis ballaaran oo loo geysto saraakiisha. Mangistu waxa uu ahaa nin awood badan oo dalka xukumayay; si kastaba ha ahaatee, xukunkiisii kali-taliska ahaa uma adeegin dadka rayidka ah. Jabhadda EPRDF ee xisbiga TPLF ee Itoobiya, ayaa abuurtay isbahaysi midaysan oo xukunka lagaga tuuray dawladdii milateriga ahayd. Xukunkii Mengistu wuxuu soo afjarmay 1991 markii EPRDF ay la wareegtay talada dalka. Mangistu ayaa sanadkii 2006-dii lagu soo oogay dacwado la xiriira dambiyo dagaal iyo xadgudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqul insaanka oo ay geysatay dowladda Itoobiya. Hogaamiyihii kooxda TPLF, Meles Zenawi, waxa uu noqday ra’iisul wasaaraha Itoobiya 1991kii. Waxa uu kala diray ciidamada, waxa uu sameeyay dastuur cusub, waxa uu wax ka bedelay ciidamadii maamulkii hore, waxa uu dhisay nidaam dhaqaale oo cusub, waxa uu dib u dhis bulsho ku sameeyay dalka. Xukuumadda EPRDF, oo hogaaminaysa Meles Zenawi, waxay soo bandhigtay nidaamka federaalka oo ku salaysan dawlad goboleed oo qowmiyad kastaa ay leedahay madax-bannaani ay ku maamusho dhulkooda oo ay yeelato hal dawlad dhexe. Meles waxa uu ahaa hogaamiye kaligii-talis ah oo Itoobiya ku xukumay 'feer bir ah' laga soo bilaabo 1991 ilaa uu ka dhintay 2012. Kooxda TPLF waxay dulmisay dhammaan qowmiyadaha kale muddo ku dhow 30 sano, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ugu waaweyn, Oromada, iyo kan labaad ee ugu weyn, Axmaarada. TPLF waxay lahayd awood dhaqaale tan iyo markii ay haysteen kursiga ugu sarreeya ee dawladda; taasina waxay keentay in ay helaan kaalmo dhaqaale oo ku soo qulqulaya maalgashi shisheeye. Waxa kale oo ay shaaciyeen lahaanshaha dhulka, iyaga oo soo saari jiray malaayiin doolar dakhli sanadeedka. Kooxda TPLF waxa ay si buuxda gacanta ugu haysay dhaq-dhaqaaqyada siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee Itoobiya, taas oo keentay faa’iidooyin dhaqaale oo aan sinnayn, kuwaas oo si weyn uga qayb qaatay dagaalladii qowmiyadeed ee Itoobiya ka jiray iyo kala qaybsanaantii.
Abiy Xukuumadiisa iyo kala diristii TPLF
Abiy ayaa burburiyay xaruntii TPLF ee Itoobiya markii ugu horeysay ee uu xafiiska yimaado. Waxa uu sii waday in uu sii wado siyaasadihii dib u habeynta ee looga gol lahaa in lagu dimuqraadiyeeyo Itoobiya. Wuxuu ku bedelay EPRDF oo ay ku jirtay TPLF, wuxuuna ku bedelay xisbiga Barwaaqada. Isbaheysigan ayaa isku daray saddex xisbi oo matalaya saddexda kooxood ee ugu caansan Itoobiya. TPLF ayaa diiday in ay ku biirto xisbiga Barwaaqo, iyada oo ku andacoonaysa in aanu sharci ahayn, baarlamaanka Itoobiya ayaa si aqlabiyad ah ku ansixiyay xisbiga Barwaaqo-sooranka oo ah xisbiga kaliya ee Waddani ah. Kooxda TPLF ayaa ka labalabeysay inay ansixiyaan maamulka Abiy, sababtoo ah waxay ka hor imanaysaa fikradaha is-xukunka ama awoodda ay ku leedahay dowladda dhexe. Iyadoo xadgudub ku ah go’aankii Abiy uu dib ugu dhigay doorashada baarlamaanka, kooxda TPLF ayaa ra’iisul wasaare cusub u dooratay dowladda Itoobiya. Kordhinta u dhaxaysa TPLF iyo dawladda dhexe ayaa sii korodhay, Abiyna waxa uu fuliyay ku dhawaad dhammaan ujeedooyinkii uu lahaa si uu dawladdu uga dhigo mid ka tarjumaysa dadka Itoobiya. Waxa uu dib u soo celiyay matalaad siman oo ay dowladdu ku leedahay qowmiyadaha kala duwan, taasoo ka dhigan in mas’uuliyiinta TPLF ay xilka ka dagaan. Taasi waxay keentay in kooxda TPLF ay awood weyn ku waydo siyaasadii dimuqraadiyaynta ee Abiy. Ma aha oo kaliya in falkani uu keenay in la lumiyo awoodda siyaasadeed ee sidoo kale awood dhaqaale. Doorashadii Abiy waxay soo afjartay awooddii TPLF iyo bilawga dagaallo qowmiyadeed oo aan kala joogsi lahayn oo u dhexeeya dawlad goboleedka iyo sidoo kale dawladda dhexe.
Sheegashada Xasuuqa ee Gobolka Tigray
Kooxda TPLF ayaa weerartay xerada Militray November 4, 2020 magaalada Mekelle ee gobolka Tigray. Abiy ayaa ku tilmaamay weerarkan mid "as crime against Ethiopia by bitters of mother breast" taasoo uu ula jeeday in kooxda TPLF ay gashay khiyaano qaran. (Nigatu, 2023). Weerarka ay kooxda TPLF ku qaaday ciidamada milateriga Itoobiya ayaa ku soo beegmay iyadoo ciidamada difaaca qaranka Itoobiya (ENDF) ay ka aargoosteen ciidamada difaaca Tigrayga (TDF). Dowladda Itoobiya ayaa ciidamada Eritrea ku garaacday Mekelle si ay ula dagaallamaan TDF. Bartamihii 2021, dib u soo kabashada dowladda Itoobiya ayaa lagu tilmaamay difaac arxan darro ah oo ah dhimashada dadka rayidka ah oo kor u kacday isir sifeyn. Iyadoo ka jawaabeysa walaaca Qaramada Midoobay ee gobolka iyo shacabka, dowladda Itoobiya ayaa beenisay in wax dil ah loo geystay dad rayid ah, waxayna sidoo kale beenisay inay joogaan ciidamada Eritrea. Daah-furnaan la'aanta iyo dhibaatooyinka bini'aadantinimo ee sii kordhaya ayaa soo jiitay dareenka bulshada caalamka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Itoobiya ayaa gebi ahaanba xidhay goobihii lagu ammaani jiray, waxayna sidoo kale ka hortagtay wax kasta oo bini'aadantinimo ah oo soo gala gobolka. Dawladda Itoobiya waxay si firfircoon uga soo horjeedsatay "independent investigators, journalists, and humanitarian workers" ee gobolka Tigray, sidaas darteed waxay u janjeertaa inay ka go'aan beesha caalamka iyo sidoo kale hufnaan la'aan. (Roth, 2022). Laba milyan oo qof ayaa ku barakacay gudaha intii uu dagaalku socday. Abiy ayaa lagu eedeeyay in uu dambiyo dagaal ka geystay dadka rayidka ah ee ku nool gobolka Tigray, maadaama gabood-fallo badan oo ay fulisay ENDF ay ka mid tahay macluusha la diiday, iyadoo gaajo loo adeegsaday qalab lagu ciqaabo, in la gubo beero laguna laayo dad aan waxba galabsan oo ku nool gobolka Tigray. Dowladda Itoobiya ayaa ku guuldareysatay inay diido eedeymahaas, waxaana lagu guuleysan waayay mas’uuliyadda Qaramada Midoobay ee ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha marka loo eego iskahorimaadyada hubeysan. Mid ka mid ah fashilka ugu weyn ee Qaramada Midoobay ee iskahorimaadka ayaa ahaa in aan la hubin xuquuqda dadka rayidka ah ee Tigray, taas oo ka gaabisay dhaleeceynta ciidamada Itoobiya.
Gabagabo
Dadaalka dib u habeynta dalka ee Abiy ayaa caqabad weyn ku noqday maamulka TPLF ee Itoobiya, waxaana ay astaan u ahayd bilawga dowlad kacaan ah. Inkastoo uu si guul leh u xaliyay khilaafkii Eritrea, laguna abaalmariyay abaalmarinta nabadda ee Nobel Peace Prize, maamulkiisu wuxuu la kulmay dhibaatooyin iyo qalalaase siyaasadeed. Hadda, waxaa socda iskahorimaadyo militari oo ay la leeyihiin kooxaha sida TPLF iyo FANO oo u dagaallamaya sidii loo xakameyn lahaa. Waxaa muhiim ah in si buuxda loo fahmo taariikhda siyaasadeed ee Itoobiya si loo fahmo dhacdooyinka hadda ka socda gobolka iyo cawaaqibka ay u keenayso colaadaha gobolka. Intaa waxaa dheer, dawladda Itoobiya waa in lagula xisaabtamaa dembiyada dagaal ee lagu eedeeyay. Tacaddiyada Tigrayga, oo ay ku jiraan dhimashada dadka rayidka ah, ka hortagga gargaarka bini'aadantinimo, iyo xannibaadda marinnada macluumaadka si loo diido falalkan oo kale, waxay ku xad-gudbeen sharciga caalamiga ah. Waa lama huraan. Dowladda Itoobiya waa in ay la kulantaa cawaaqib xumo ka dhalan karta falalkeeda, xaqiijinta cadaaladda iyo u hoggaansanaanta sharciga caalamiga ah marka loo eego dambiyada dagaalka.
References
Steinhauser, G. (2019, October 11). Nobel peace prize awarded Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed. https://www.wsj.com/articles/nobel-peace-prize-awarded-ethiopian-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-ali-11570784676
Council on Foreign Relations. (2023, December 19). Conflict in ethiopia | global conflict tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ethiopia
Nigatu, B. A. (2023). War on paper: A critical discourse analysis of war reporting in Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17857
Melesse, K. (2020, November 19). Tigray’s war against Ethiopia isn’t about autonomy. it’s about economic power.Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/19/tigray-tplf-war-against-ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-isnt-about-autonomy-its-about-economic-power/
Roth, K. (2022, June 16). Ethiopia’s invisible ethnic cleansing. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/16/ethiopias-invisible-ethnic-cleansing
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